We know the secret of your success
INTRODUCTION
The height of cardiovascular diseases in the world is a serious concern to public health. It has been reported that each year 17.9 million people die as a result of cardiovascular diseases in the world (Rossof et al., 2020). Although, it has been proven that a modifiable lifestyle would assist a lot in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. There is two most important lifestyle that poses a serious risk to the development of cardiovascular diseases out of the four the World Health Organization outline which includes alcohol consumption and smoking (Rossof et al., 2020). The above-mentioned factors are known to be responsible for the increased cardiovascular mortality rate. Chronic alcohol intake has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. According to a report from World Health Organization, 19% of alcoholic-related deaths were as a result of cardiovascular diseases (Minzer et al., 2020). The level of alcohol beverage intake varies in different countries based on their health system. To illustrate, the United Kingdom has their level of alcohol beverage to be at 8g of ethanol, however in the United States has its level to be at 10g as stated by the World Health Organization, and it is applicable in several other nations (Minzer et al., 2020).
Alcoholic impact on the cardiovascular system is dependent on the level of intake, it could be low, moderate, or high. In America, moderate level intake of alcohol is explained as two bottles of an alcoholic beverage for men and one for women by Dietary Guidance for Americans (Minzer et al., 2020). However, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism directed that a low level of alcohol intake is between 3 drinks a day and less than 7 drinks each week for women and 4 drinks a day or less than14 drinks each week for men (Minzer et al., 2020). Excess or chronic alcohol intake has resulted in an increased risk of injuries and road accidents. It has also been associated with suicide, child abuse, and many more (Minzer et al., 2020).
The mechanism of action of alcohol affecting the biomarkers of heart and cardiovascular diseases is still unclear (Piano et al., 2017). Also, it is not understood if alcohol’s effect on cardiovascular diseases results from alcoholic induced atherosclerosis in blood vessels or direct damage to the heart (Würtz et al., 2016). Some researchers agree that alcohol taking in moderation significantly affects blood biochemistry, thus, resulting in changes in several biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic risks ( Rossof et al., 2020; Piano et al., 2017). Studies have shown that binge drinking (that is taking 4 or more drink for women and 5 or more drinks for males within two hours) have an association with high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, heart attack, arrhythmias, increased level of cardiomyopathy, and stroke (NIAAA, 2021; Würtz et al., 2016).
The issue regarding the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular disease is still very controversial. Some studies have shown that low to moderate intake of alcohol is beneficial in reducing cardiovascular diseases mortality rates, such as stroke and coronary heart diseases. However, other studies have shown that there is no significant effect of alcohol intake. Ross et al. reported that no evidence of the cardioprotective effect of alcohol intake on cardiovascular diseases, whether low or high levels have dangerous for health (Rossof et al., 2020, Madero-Cabib et al., 2021). However, in the study of “Benefits and risks of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease: Current findings and controversies,” the researchers observed that low to moderate alcohol intake is beneficial to cardiovascular diseases and a high intake of alcohol increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Chiva-blanch & Badimon, 2020). A more recent study by Zhang et al. was also in agreement with Chiva-blanch & Badimon (Zhang et al., 2021). To resolve this conflict more studies are required in this area. Therefore, this present study will study the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular diseases.
AIM
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Research has it that each year 17.9 million people die as a result of cardiovascular diseases in the world. reported that no evidence of the cardioprotective effect of alcohol intake on cardiovascular diseases, whether low or high levels have dangerous for health (Rossof et al., 2020, Madero-Cabib et al., 2021). Thus, it is a matter of public health concern, therefore the present study will investigate the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular diseases.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
There is serious controversy over low to medium intake of alcohol whether it is beneficial or not to cardiovascular diseases. Some have reported that no evidence of the cardioprotective effect of alcohol intake on cardiovascular diseases, whether low or high levels have dangerous for health (Rossof et al., 2020, Madero-Cabib et al., 2021). However, some other studies have another opinion (Chiva-blanch & Badimon, 2020; Zhang et al., 2021). Therefore, this present study aims to determine the effect of alcohol on cardiovascular diseases.
METHODOLOGY
The following will be used for analysis in this review, they are; cluster analysis (CA) and/or factor analysis (FA), and/or principal component analysis (PCA). The results will be presented as odds ratios (OR).
RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:
Table 1: Risk assessment
Risk
Impact
Mitigation Plan
Inability to meet the deadline
Low
Get an extension from the supervisor in due time
Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower
Moderate
Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help
Inability to properly develop the process set up
High
Refer to your supervisor for help
Insufficient data
Refer to journals and textbooks for help
SCHEDULE
Table 2: Project Plan
Task Name
Start Date
End Date
Duration (Days)
Initial Research
15/01/2022
29/01/2022
14
Proposal
06/02/2022
21
Introduction Chapter
18/03/2022
23/03/2022
5
Literature Review Chapter
20/04/2022
24
Methodology Chapter
02/05/2022
12
Presentation 1
02/07/2022
10/07/2022
8
Analysis
24/07/2022
Evaluation of Gotten Results
01/08/2022
7
Discussion Chapter
11/08/2022
10
Evaluation Chapter
16/08/2022
Conclusion Chapter
18/08/2022
2
Project Management Chapter
20/08/2022
Abstract and Report compilation
22/08/2022
Report Proofreading
01/09/2022
Presentation 2
11/09/2022
REFERENCES
Chiva-blanch, G., & Badimon, L. (2020). Benefits and risks of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease: Current findings and controversies. In Nutrients (Vol. 12, Issue 1). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010108
Madero-Cabib, I., Azar, A., & Bambs, C. (2021). Lifetime employment, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption trajectories and cardiovascular diseases in old age. SSM - Population Health, 13.
Minzer, S., Losno, R. A., & Casas, R. (2020). The effect of alcohol on cardiovascular risk factors: Is there new information? Nutrients, 12(4), 1–22.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2021) Understanding Binge Drinking. niaaa.nih.gov/public
Piano, M.R., Mazzuco, A., Kang, M. and Phillips, S.A. (2017) Cardiovascular consequences of binge drinking: an integrative review with implications for advocacy, policy, and research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 41:487–496.
Rosoff DB, Davey Smith G, Mehta N, Clarke T-K, Lohoff FW (2020) Evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and cardiovascular disease: A multivariable Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med 17(12): e1003410.
Würtz, P., Cook, S., Wang, Q., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Kangas, A.J., Soininen, P., Laitinen, J., Viikari, J., Kähönen, M., Lehtimäki, T., Perola, M., Blankenberg, S, Zeller, T., Männistö, S., Salomaa,
V., Järvelin, M?R., Raitakari, O.T, Ala?Korpela, M. and Leon, D.A. (2016) Metabolic profiling of alcohol consumption in 9778 young adults. Int J Epidemiol. 45:1493–1506.
Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Li, S., Lichtenstein, A. H., Chen, S., Na, M., Veldheer, S., Xing, A., Wang, Y., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2021). Alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Nutrition Journal, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00671-y
Last updated: Jan 21, 2022 04:38 PM
Your one-stop website for academic resources, tutoring, writing, editing, study abroad application, cv writing & proofreading needs.
